ABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to develop strategies and algorithms of calculating food commodity intake suitable for exposure assessment of residual chemicals by using the food intake database of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, apples and their processed food products were chosen as a model food for accurate calculation of food commodity intakes uthrough the recently developed Korea food commodity intake calculation (KFCIC) software. The average daily intakes of total apples in Korea Health Statistics were 29.60 g in 2008, 32.40 g in 2009, 34.30 g in 2010, 28.10 g in 2011, and 24.60 g in 2012. The average daily intakes of apples by KFCIC software was 2.65 g higher than that by Korea Health Statistics. The food intake data in Korea Health Statistics might have less reflected the intake of apples from mixed and processed foods than KFCIC software has. These results can affect outcome of risk assessment for residual chemicals in foods. Therefore, the accurate estimation of the average daily intake of food commodities is very important, and more data for food intakes and recipes have to be applied to improve the quality of data. Nevertheless, this study can contribute to the predictive estimation of exposure to possible residual chemicals and subsequent analysis for their potential risks.
Subject(s)
Eating , Korea , Malus , Nutrition Surveys , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
Reproductive toxicology is relatively new to the field of gene therapy, and is a very important issue for the safety. An important safety concern of gene therapy products is the distribution of vector beyond target organs. This is particularly important if vector distributes to gonads, raising the possibility of inadvertent germ-line transmission. In addition, for indications such as prostate cancer and ovarian cancer, the proximity of the point of viral administration to organs of the reproductive system raises concerns regarding inadvertent germ-line transmission of genes carried by the virus. To evaluate the reproductive toxicity of in vivo E1-deleted replication-incompetent adenoviral vector encoding p53 or lacZ, we studied the biodistribution and potential germ-line transmission of the vector. Both male and female Balb/c mice were injected with 1x10(8) pfu of Ad-CMV-LacZ or Ad-CMV-p53. DNA and RNA extracted from major organs including gonadal tissues were analyzed for vector sequences and expression. The PCR analysis showed that there were detectable vector sequences in liver, kidney, spleen, seminal vesicle, epididymis, prostate, ovary, and uterus. The RT-PCR analysis showed that Ad-CMV-LacZ or Ad-CMV-p53 viral RNA were present in spleen, prostate and ovary. Vectoradministered female and male mice were mated and their offspring were evaluated for germ-line transmission of the adenoviral vector. The PCR analysis showed no evidence of germ-line transmission, although vector sequences were detected in DNA extracted from gonadal tissues. Together, we conclude that the risk of the inadvertent germ-line transmission of vector sequences following intraperitoneal injection of adenovirus is extremely low, although vector distributed to gonadal tissues.